The American Constitution A Historical Background Essay free essay sample

, Research Paper The American Fundamental law: A Historical Background 1781-1788 Theory Statement: The affirmation of the United States Constitution in 1787 gave the model to another arrangement of specialists. Framework I. General Background A. Law B. Human Affairs II. Foundation of the Fundamental law A. Articles of Alliance B. Shay s Rebellion III. Established Convention A. Well known Control B. Restricted Power IV. Designers of the Fundamental law A. George Washington B. Benjamin Franklin C. James Madison D. George Mason V. Endorsement A. Federalism B. Against Federalism VI. Future Outlook A. Bill of Rights B. Extra Amendments The Constitution of the United States involves the state s cardinal law, providing the model for its organization and the guidelines under which it must run. At the point when the principal law was composed, it was planned to process for a very long time and be adaptable and versatile for future coevalss. The crucial law was planned to be the incomparable statute of the land. We will compose a custom paper test on The American Constitution A Historical Background Essay or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The Articles of Confederation, which were confirmed in 1781 was the principal major law. The Articles of Confederation managed three issues: portrayal, income upgrade, and the degree of authority over western areas. The principal issue, portrayal, gave every one of the 13 areas one polling form. The second issue, income upgrade, gave Congress influence to bespeak cash from the regions in the signifier of income improvements. The third and keep going issue set complement on western grounds: individuals were permitted to have land all the way to the Pacific and Virginia. ( West and Northwest # 8211 ; Caughey, p. 119 ) The Articles of Confederation offered capacity to the territories and was flawed as an instrument of specialists. The insufficiency of uprightness caused employments in global dealingss and the barrier of the state. In spite of the fact that the Articles of Confederation gave the regions a cardinal specialists, Congress did non hold the force it expected to manage increas ingly good. ( Robinson p. 169 ) . By 1875 it appeared to numerous steadfast residents that the collusion was a disappointment. Washington, Hamilton, Jay, Madison and different pioneers over and over contended that the specialists should have been fortified. A few Americans had specific reason for craving a more grounded specialists. Some needed the specialists to shield them from Indians, Spaniards, and the British. The gatherings of merchandisers, bargainers, and boat owners experienced obligation wars among areas and from British Torahs. Work power who lent cash to the specialists during the wars needed a more grounded specialists so they could be reimbursed. ( America On-line 2 ) . Numerous individuals think about the United States as a youthful state, and still our essential law is among the most seasoned composed basic laws of any significant states known to mankind. Not long after the Revolutionary War, the 3,000,000 individuals who lived in the United States got malcontented with the Articles of Confederation. The specialists appeared to be exorbitantly powerless to order the individuals at place or to do the New Republic be regarded abroad. Congress needed influence to fund-raise and could only bespeak cash from the areas. A few areas were hapless, others paid exorbitantly much income improvements. Congress had no approval to balance corporate greed. All territories were assume to remain by the Articles of Confederation, yet some abused them. A few areas made agreements with the Indians and with others. They disregarded remote agreements made by Congress and managed the estimation of cash. Chaises Rebellion ( 1786-1787 ) was one occasion that sensationalized the fizzling of the cardinal specialists. At the point when debitors were despondently, huge numbers of them sought the experts for help. In Massachusetts, when rule law denied lightening, Daniel Shays drove outfitted work powers to scare the courts from proceeding with dispossessions. ( Caughey p. 126 ) The extremists waited for around a half year before being overwhelmed by the area holds. Recognizing that the nonconformists may hold had only purpose, the administrative get together absolved everything except the pioneers, yet therefore broadening pardon to Shays himself. ( Caughey p.127 ) . As Shays insubordination was get bringing down, five regions sent representatives to Annapolis, Maryland, to look for and build up a reduced on interstate corporate greed. Recognizing the activity was mind boggling, these representatives required a show to give more extensive thought to the activity. In May 1787, delegates pi cked by 12 areas met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and began crafted by amending the Articles of Confederation. ( Caughey p. 127 ) . The agents of the Constitutional Convention were work powers like George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay, and Benjamin Franklin. The organizations by which the points could be accomplished was energetic. ( Grolier Electronic Publishing 2 ) . The task that united these work powers was to retouch the imperfections of the Articles of Confederation, especially the inadequacy of the cardinal specialists. How it ought to be fortified and by how much, and what might be worthy to the regions. Issues like how to choose the president were discussed. Others like the connections of the specialists to the individuals and those between the territories. Through the extraordinary by means of media, the little regions were given equivalent portrayal with the large regions in the Senate, however individuals from the House of Representatives were chosen by the areas fitting to populace. The designers gave a definitive control of the specialists by the individuals through the con stituent strategy. The congresspersons were picked by region administrative congregations and the manage National Trust by the Electoral College. State Legislature controlled the selection of congresspersons, presidential voters, and seats in the territory administrative get together. Governing body was won in well known races, and it was accepted that the populace would at long last hold an outcome on the picking of representatives and presidents. The designers felt that the well known mass must be spoken to in the government administrative gathering, yet adjacent to felt that non all the force be given to them. Thusly, they endorsed an understanding by which one place of the administrative get together spoke to mass will and another house administration as a mind the that house. Issues to be settled by this fellowship of the composers were: the regular barrier of the individuals, the sparing of open harmony, security against outside invasions, statute of corporate greed between the areas and with different states. ( Grolier Electronic Publishing 3 ) . The particular forces of the president were recognized in Article II, developments 2 and 3. The president has the ability to torpedo any quantify that Congress may experience. The piece of the authoritative get together approval is to appoint Torahs, and to arrange guidelines that control society, while the president is answerable for the executing of the Torahs. Presidential force was constrained by holding only a four twelvemonth term. ( Grolier Electronic Publishing 3 ) . Legal force as such was comprehended by the designers to plan the ability to make up ones psyche occasions and disputes. The central law designers did non want the intensity of specialists to be constrained by one individual, with the goal that they accommodated a detachment of intensity and an arrangement of governing rules. Alexander Hamilton required all areas to guide representatives to Philadelphia to run into in May 1787. George Washington was picked as the managing official. The principal law was encircled by 55 agents from 12 of the 13 areas, as Rhode Island did non name delegates. Another of import designer was Benjamin Franklin, a senior part delegate who was liable for proposing the Electoral College, the way wherein the president was to be chosen. James Madison was one of the most dynamic designers of the central law, a pioneer who was to be known as the Father of the Constitution. He was a Southerner, slave owner from Virginia, instructed in New Jersey. ( Robinson p. 209 ) . Also, another designer was George Mason, from Virginia, who was significantly grieved about the issue of subjugation. Bricklayer was the author of the Virginia Seminal Bill of Rights, which started with the averment that all work powers are obviously equivalent. This called the going to of the agents to the tendency of se rvitude to debilitate the state s barrier against outside foes. ( Robinson p. 211 ) . It was the desire of the designers to build a solid and stable specialists. They other than anticipated the specialists to sort out the intensity of the three developments of specialists, the Executive, Legislative and Judicial Branches. On September 17, 1787, George Washington, President of the Federal Convention, sent the finished basic law to the Congress of the Confederation, squeezing brief affirmation. The affirmation of the essential law would be a bet for everybody. Much would rely upon the mentality with which the congresswomans and the agents to marking shows moved toward their endeavor. One particular note to the affirmation methodology was the insufficiency of dispute stimulated by the understandings in the basic law affecting servitude. ( Robinson pp. 234-235 ) . Massachusetts was the main territory to keep full graduated table contentions on the issues in question. Issues examined were broad jury prosecution and how it would be required before a test for significant offenses. Congress would non hold the ability to set up business restraining infrastructures, and forces non appointed to the specialists were held for the regions. Massachusetts sanctioned the central law on January 9, 1788 by a thin bor

Is Management an Art or Science? Essay

The executives is a lot of exercises (counting arranging and dynamic, sorting out, driving, and controlling) coordinated at an organization’s assets (human, budgetary, physical, and data) with the point of accomplishing authoritative objectives in a proficient and compelling way. A director is somebody whose essential obligation is to do the administration procedure inside an association. The viable act of the executives requires a combination of science and workmanship; that is, a mix of balanced objectivity and natural knowledge. Great administration is a blend of craftsmanship and science. Overseeing is working with and through others to achieve the goals of both the associations and its individuals. The executives is both workmanship and science. It is the specialty of making individuals more successful than they would have been without you. The science is by they way you do that. There are four essential columns, plan, sort out, direct, and screen. Most directors achieve their aptitudes and positions through a mix of training and experience. The executives is science yet at whatever point and any place one is managing people one can not anticipate same conduct, response or same result in a given circumstance, in this way the study of the executives is to be applied and used in most guileful way to accomplish best outcomes. It very well may be said with considerable lot of conviction that a decent chief is the one, who is likewise a decent open connection man and applies the study of the executives in a manner whereby giving human factor prime significance. It is demonstrated that a manager’s work is normally diverse, a sensible inquiry identifies with whether the executives is a science or a workmanship. Truth be told, viable administration is a mix of both science and workmanship. What's more, fruitful administrators perceive the significance of consolidating both the science and the specialty of the executives as they practice their art. Numerous administration issues and issues can be drawn nearer in manners that are normal, sensible, objective, and methodical. Supervisors can accumulate information, realities, and target data. They can utilize quantitative models and dynamic methods to show up at right choices. What's more, they have to adopt such a logical strategy to taking care of issues at whatever point possible,â especially when they are managing relative daily practice and clear issues. Specialized and analytic abilities are particularly significant while rehearsing the study of the board. All said done even now study of the executives isn't the sort of science where you blend two pieces of Hydrogen and one section Oxygen and you get water, however it is the sort of science where you adjust and change the executives procedures as indicated by conditions and various situations. Despite the fact that supervisors may attempt to be logical however much as could be expected, they should frequently settle on choices and take care of issues based on instinct, experience, intuition, individual bits of knowledge and on merciful grounds. Depending vigorously on applied and relational aptitudes for instance, a supervisor may need to settle on different approaches that look similarly appealing. Tackling unordinary and non-routine issues more likely than not requires a component of instinct, feelings and individual understanding. In spite of the fact that study of the executives gives important data on the most proficient method to oversee HR viably to get ideal outcomes yet at the same time it is unimaginable to, or can be counter gainful, if the administration strategies are applied without giving due thought to various circumstances and changed human practices. In short a fruitful trough is the person who utilizes study of the board in a cunning way and get most ideal outcomes.

Splitting in Borderline Personality Disorder

Splitting in Borderline Personality Disorder BPD Print Splitting and Borderline Personality Disorder A defense mechanism where everything is black or white By Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD, is a clinical psychologist and associate professor of psychology at Eastern Connecticut State University. Learn about our editorial policy Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on July 01, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW Updated on July 28, 2019 More in BPD Diagnosis Treatment Living With BPD Related Conditions In This Article Table of Contents Expand Overview Examples of Splitting Features Diagnosis Care and Coping Emergencies View All Back To Top Splitting is a term used in psychiatry to describe the inability to hold opposing thoughts, feelings, or beliefs. Some might say that a person who splits sees the world in terms of black or white, all or nothing. Its a distorted way of thinking in which the positive or negative attributes of a person or event are neither weighed nor cohesive. Verywell / Hugo Lin   Splitting and Borderline Personality Disorder Splitting is considered a defense mechanism by which people with borderline personality disorder (BPD)  can view people, events, or even themselves in all or nothing terms.?? Splitting allows them to readily discard things they have assigned as bad and to embrace things they consider good, even if those things are harmful or risky. Understanding Borderline Personality Disorder Examples of Splitting Splitting can interfere with relationships and lead to intense and self-destructive behaviors. A person who splits will typically frame people or events in terms that are absolute with no middle ground for discussion?? . Examples include: Things are either always or neverPeople can either be evil and crooked or angels and perfectOpportunities can either have no risk or be a complete conScience, history, or news is either a complete fact or a complete lieWhen things go wrong, a person will feel cheated, ruined, or screwed What makes splitting all the more confusing is that the belief can sometimes be iron-clad or shift back-and-forth from one moment to the next. People who split are often seen to be overly dramatic or overwrought, especially when declaring that things have either completely fallen apart or completely turned around. Such behavior can be exhausting to those around them. Accompanying Features   By itself, splitting may seem almost commonplace, a behavior easily attributed to any number of individuals we know and maybe even ourselves. However, splitting in BPD is considered a consistent and distorted behavior usually accompanied by other symptoms?? , such as: Acting out (acting without consideration to consequences)Passive aggression (an indirect expression of hostility)Denial (consciously ignoring a fact or reality)Projection (assigning an undesirable emotion to someone else)Omnipotence (the belief that you possess superiority in intelligence or power)Emotional hypochondriasis (trying to get others to understand how severe your emotional pain is)Projective identification (denying your own feelings, projecting them onto someone else, and then behaving toward that person in a way that forces them to respond to you  with the feelings you projected onto them) How BPD Is Diagnosed A BPD diagnosis can only be made by a qualified mental health specialist. To make the diagnosis, the doctor would need to confirm five of nine symptoms outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), including:?? Intense and stormy relationships that involve splittingFeeling persistently empty or boredA warped view of yourself that affects your emotions, values, moods, and relationshipsImpulsive behavior, such as abusing substances or driving recklesslyAnger issues, such as violent outbursts followed by extreme guilt and remorseExtreme attempts to avoid abandonment or extreme feelings of abandonmentSuicidal thoughts and/or self-harming behaviorsExtreme depression, anxiety, or irritability that can persist for hours and daysFeeling dissociated from yourself, including paranoia and amnesia Caring for a Loved One With BPD There is no easy answer on how to deal with a loved one who has BPD, especially when symptoms are extreme. How you cope depends largely on the nature of your relationship and the impact your loved ones symptoms are having on your family. However, there are some guiding principles that may help, including:?? Cultivate empathy. Start by reminding yourself that splitting is part of the disorder. While certain actions may seem intentional and manipulative, your loved one is not doing any of this to gain satisfaction. These are simply defense mechanisms he or she turns to whenever he or she feels defenseless.Try to manage your response. If your loved one has BPD, keep in mind that you are in the better position to control your temper. Yelling or engaging in hostility will only serve to make the situation even worse.Remind your loved one that you care. People with BPD are often terrified of being rejected or abandoned. Knowing that someone cares often helps reduce the splitting behavior.Maintain lines of communication. Discussing a situation when it happens allows you to isolate that event rather than piling one situation on top of the next. Failure to communicate only serves to fuel your loved ones rejection anxiety.Set boundaries. Dealing with the challenges of BPD is one thing; becoming th e object of abuse is another. Always set limits with a loved one who has BPD. If that line is ever crossed, explain why you are backing away and try to do so dispassionately. Setting boundaries helps preserve the relationship rather than challenging it.Encourage and support treatment.  Your loved one can live a better life with treatment, which may include medication and/or talk therapy, most likely dialectical behavior therapy (DBT). Encourage him or her to start or continue with treatment and learn everything you can about what he or she is going through. If needed, participate in therapy with your loved one.Take care of yourself. This may include finding your own therapist to help you balance your needs along with those of your loved one. When BPD Harms Your Well-Being There may be times where you will need to take more drastic action. In the event that the relationship is harming your family, your work, and your sense of well-being, you may be faced with the reality that the relationship cannot continue.?? While this is an incredibly painful choice for everyone involved, it can also be the most healthy in some cases. If needed, this decision should be made with the help of a qualified mental health professional.

Ethical Issues Of New Application - 3734 Words

UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG Strategic Network Design Group Project Bilal Ahmad ,Deep Bagga, Muhammad Tauni , Steby Jose 10/20/2014 Group Report: Ethical Issues of New Application RIFD BILAL AHMAD 4861231 DEEP BAGGA 4429850 MUHAMMAD TAUNI 3694666 STEBY JOSE 4476359 ABSTRACT The overall objective is to improve and restore television network structure. This report provides long-term structured network architecture and its successful implementation of efficiency, competence and reliability of the main issues. Also, this report provides a methodology for the integration of solutions from different parts of each solution, fully validated through the project requirements, requires all senior substitute improving management practices introduced. Key words: Networks, architecture, reliability, methodology, substitute, management Table of Contents INTRODUCTION 4 ORIENTATION 4 PROBLEM STATEMENT 4 DEFINITION’S AND LIMITATIONS 4 ANALYSIS AND SPECIFICATIONS 4 INITIAL CONDITIONS 4 REQUIREMENT MAP 6 REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION 7 FLOW ANALYSIS 12 REFERENCE ARCHITECTURE 14 ACCESS/DISTRIBUTION/CORE TOPOLOGICAL MODEL 14 PERFORMANCE ARCHITECTURE JUSTIFICATION 15 ADDRESSING AND ROUTING ARCHITECTURE JUSTIFICATION 16 SECURITY AND PRIVACY ARCHITECTURE 17 DESIGN 18 DESIGN TRACEABILITY 18 NETWORK LAYOUT 18 DESIGN METRICS 19 CONCLUSION 19 REFERENCE 20 INTRODUCTION ORIENTATION The serial digital interface (SDI) is a goodShow MoreRelatedTechnology Applications For Nursing Care995 Words   |  4 Pagesa Necessity in Health Care 5 2.3 The Open Source Soft Ware In Nursing 5 2.4 Physiologic Monitoring System 5 2.5 The Significance of Technology Applications to Nursing Care. 5 2.6 Electronic Health Record 6 2.7 Future Uses of Telehealth 6 2.8 Legal and Ethical Aspects 6 2.9 Ethical, and Professional Issues In Information Security 6 2.10 Ethical Applications in Informatics 7 3.0 Critical Evaluation: 7 3.1 PERSONAL LIFE: 7 3.1.1 Nursing Informatics as a Specialty 7 3.1.2 Use of Computers a NecessityRead MoreEthical Issues Of Securing Data Security1682 Words   |  7 PagesProject 3 1. 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What Absolutely Everybody Is Saying About Accounting Argumentative Essay Topics

What Absolutely Everybody Is Saying About Accounting Argumentative Essay Topics Our term paper writing service enables customers to pick the writer they wish to work with based on their abilities and assignment requirements. Nonetheless, the right selection of a topic has the capability to play the decisive function in the whole research. The chief reason why somebody is writing an argumentative essay is to try to persuade or sway another individual or perhaps a group of men and women in your rightness in a particular theme. If everything is organized in the proper way, it is going to be simpler for you to pick an ideal approach to writing exclusive accounting essays. Argumentative essays have to be well-organized. Essay writing per se is no simple job to do. Writing an argumentative essay is a skill that anyone in school should know, although it can be useful outside the classroom, also. Writing a persuasive, argumentative essay can be challenging, and at times it can fin d a little confusing. If You Read Nothing Else Today, Read This Report on Accounting Argumentative Essay Topics Our 1-hour essay writing service may be an ideal solution for you. The structure of your paper's outline is just like the structure of your whole essay. Working to an argumentative essay when you're learning first steps, isn't an easy undertaking to do. An argumentative essay example will reveal the should possess some important components which make it better in the practice of convincing. The Death of Accounting Argumentative Essay Topics It is possible to observe a list of 25 topics you can pick from the one which best fits your assignment. You should realize that it's quite important to be well conscious of the topic. Look through the list of topics cautiously and commence making a mental collection of the evidence you may use on topics you want. Choose from popular topics that folks are passionate about. The Demise of Accounting Argumentative Essay Topics A rgumentative arguments are only arguments that are written back on paper. Racial slurs ought to be illegal. Argumentative essays utilize logic, facts, and reasoning to learn the victor. You're going to need to choose a topic first, but your topic ought to be something that has two conflicting points or distinct conclusions. The topic has to be based on an excellent evidence base. You should concentrate on the fundamental sides of your paper. Your essay should consist of recent statistics and data from reliable sources. The point is they do not offer precise economic data in the accounting area. In order in order to cover accounting essay topics completely, you need to know general background information regarding accounting. The Ugly Side of Accounting Argumentative Essay Topics An argumentative essay is a writing piece intended to persuade a person to believe the way that you do. A 1 hour essay deadline may be true problem, if you aren't good enough at writing and expressing your ideas on a topic you aren't really interested in. Bear in mind that the amount of your essay is con tingent on the assignment offered to you. In order to genuinely convince readers of your perspective, the argumentative essay must also appear at the opposing views. The Most Popular Accounting Argumentative Essay Topics Most conclusions are just a paragraph in length as the conclusion is anticipated to be an overview of the whole essay. You may have a look at the extra details on the best way to compose an eye-catching essay introduction with a hook. To compose a superb argumentative essay, there are four important components of the essay you're likely to have to know about. If you're new to writing argumentative essays, there are a number of crucial factors which you can learn that may help you compose a greater argumentative essay. Each region of the essay exerts a specific function in its general structure. The position is not really that Myrtle should include within her essay. The best way of collecting true truth about the addressed matter is to visit your city library. If there's a lot of material on the discussed subject, you might be easily confused. An excellent method to tell if your topics is an argument topic is to see whether you can debate your topic employing the info you find. First thing you ought to do is to think about a few wide topic you want to write about.

Events Leading Up to the American Revolution Free Essays

Events Leading to the American Revolution The American Revolution was a gradual process. It did not happen overnight. We were gradually pushed there by the English. We will write a custom essay sample on Events Leading Up to the American Revolution or any similar topic only for you Order Now They first gave us the right to govern ourselves, and implement our own laws such as the no taxation without representation law in Pennsylvania. Only then to impose trade restrictions like the Navigation Acts, Sugar Act, and the Stamp Act. The British also set limits on where the Colonists could settle as in the Proclamation of 1763, and finally new taxes which there were many that the English imposed. The people in America had left Europe to get away from the monarch’s supreme rule and persecution. The monarch granted the settlers with royal charters which allowed them the same rights as they would have in England. Only to have the monarch in the end take away their rights and freedoms as Englishmen, and to abuse the British right to collect taxes with our proper representation. All of this pushed us to make our stand against the tyranny of Great Britain, and to assert our Independence in the American Revolution. Early on in the settlement of the Colonies there was a shift in priorities from finding gold to a society that valued family. Therefore you have an increase in the population where there is now a need for more schools, churches, and other town infrastructure. With these advances there became a more educated population that helped aid in the advancement and growth of new modern thinkers such as Benjamin Franklin and his contributions to the Colonies during the Age of Enlightenment. Due to the growth in population people began settling further and further west encroaching on French and Indian lands causing friction that would later led to the French and Indian War. A dispute over land in the American Ohio Valley between the Indians, French, Pennsylvanians, and Virginians brought about the French Indian seven year war. The first battle in the Seven Year War happened in May of 1754 where the Mingo Chief led a small group of George Washington’s men to a French encampment where he led them to victory. Washington was weary of retaliation so he had his group erected a makeshift fort called the â€Å"Fort of Necessity†, to which he later fled from due to the impending French retaliation. The end of the war was signified by the Proclamation of 1763, which the Colonists ignored because it limited where Colonists could settle. This is one of the ways in which the Colonies and Great Britain’s relationship begins to deteriorate. During this time period England was involved in wars all over the globe, and because of it had racked up a large debt funding the various wars. They needed money to cover their expenses, so the King started to evaluate the Colonies and recognized that he needed to implement new laws in order to control the trade, and create new revenue. Some of the various ways Parliament and the King of England implemented trade restrictions, and imposed taxation were through the Navigation Acts, Sugar Act, Stamp Act, and Townshend Duties. Each one of these in various ways angered the Colonies because they never had a chance to vote on any of them, due to the fact that they were not represented in England. Under your rights as a citizen of Great Britain you were supposed to be represented, but Parliament and the King did not care that they were implementing laws that would go against the royal charters and the basic rights of their citizens in the Colonies. Another way Great Britain undermined its relationship with the Colonies was through the implementation of the Coercive Acts, otherwise known as the Intolerable Acts. All of the Acts mentioned above worked to create a lot of tension and strife between the Colonies and Great Britain. To further aid in the problem the people in the Colonies are now fourth or fifth generations, and have never been directly under the King’s rule or they have never visited England. So the Colonists start to get angry at this ruler whom they do not know, and start to get frustrated with Great Britain’s interference in their lives. From this uprising the Colonies start to get organized and form various different Militias. The most famous group that impacted the direction of the American Revolution was The Sons of Liberty. The Sons of Liberty helped to get the Colonists organized. They staged several events that demonstrated the Colonist anger and frustration toward Great Britain and the laws that Great Britain imposed on the Colonies. The Sons of Liberty were not a passive easy going group their demonstrations were very extreme, but they were effective in the repealing the Stamp Act and organizing the Colonists against the tyranny of British rule. One such way the Sons of Liberty incited the masses to unite was when one of their founding members, Samuel Adams coined the term the Boston Massacre after the fight in Boston broke out between eight British army officials and the town’s people. The Colonists are beginning to become more unified. The Colonist formed the First Continental Congress in response to the Coercive Acts. Where they implemented a total boycott of all British goods, declaration of rights to Parliament, and gave Great Britain a time limit of six months to respond. During the waiting time the Continental Congress advised its delegates to go home and start drilling their men to get them ready if they were needed. The Sons of Liberty were also instrumental in the Boston Tea Party, which was in response to Tea Acts. All of this helped to fan the roaring fire of the spirit of the American Revolution. Finally the last incident that really showed the British how organized and how serious the Colonies were was when Thomas Gage landed in Boston harbor with 400 British soldiers. He was going to lead his troops to Concord to capture Samuel Adams or John Hancock, and locate a supply house to take away the Colonists weapons. They made it to Lexington were the British encountered a group of armed Colonists. Gage commanded that they lay down their weapons, but someone, we don’t who, fired their gun. That shot is called the Shot that was heard around the world. Gage went on to Concord, but was unable to locate anything except a bucket of bullets and a barrel of flour. On his way back to his ship Minute Men were posted along the trail, and the Minute Men ended up taking out over half of Gage’s men. The Colonists were organized, educated, and willing to die for their rights. The British kept on pushing the envelope to see what the Colonists would take, and eventually they pushed too hard and the Colonists reacted. There are many events leading to the American Revolution, but the one thing that they all have in common is the right to Liberty and Freedom. The Colonies stood up to Great Britain, and they were successful in the American Revolution. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Bruce and William Catton, The Bold and Magnificent Dream, (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Company, Inc, 1978) 72. [ 2 ]. Ibid. , 74. [ 3 ]. Library of Congress, The American Revolution, posted January 2010 http://www. loc. gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/amrev/rebelln/. [ 4 ]. US Department of State Office of the Historian, Milestones in American History posted Feb 2011 http://history. state. gov/milestones/1750-1775/FrenchIndianWar. [ 5 ]. Bruce and William Catton, The Bold and Magnificent Dream, 261. How to cite Events Leading Up to the American Revolution, Essay examples Events Leading Up to the American Revolution Free Essays Events Leading to the American Revolution The American Revolution was a gradual process. It did not happen overnight. We were gradually pushed there by the English. We will write a custom essay sample on Events Leading Up to the American Revolution or any similar topic only for you Order Now They first gave us the right to govern ourselves, and implement our own laws such as the no taxation without representation law in Pennsylvania. Only then to impose trade restrictions like the Navigation Acts, Sugar Act, and the Stamp Act. The British also set limits on where the Colonists could settle as in the Proclamation of 1763, and finally new taxes which there were many that the English imposed. The people in America had left Europe to get away from the monarch’s supreme rule and persecution. The monarch granted the settlers with royal charters which allowed them the same rights as they would have in England. Only to have the monarch in the end take away their rights and freedoms as Englishmen, and to abuse the British right to collect taxes with our proper representation. All of this pushed us to make our stand against the tyranny of Great Britain, and to assert our Independence in the American Revolution. Early on in the settlement of the Colonies there was a shift in priorities from finding gold to a society that valued family. Therefore you have an increase in the population where there is now a need for more schools, churches, and other town infrastructure. With these advances there became a more educated population that helped aid in the advancement and growth of new modern thinkers such as Benjamin Franklin and his contributions to the Colonies during the Age of Enlightenment. Due to the growth in population people began settling further and further west encroaching on French and Indian lands causing friction that would later led to the French and Indian War. A dispute over land in the American Ohio Valley between the Indians, French, Pennsylvanians, and Virginians brought about the French Indian seven year war. The first battle in the Seven Year War happened in May of 1754 where the Mingo Chief led a small group of George Washington’s men to a French encampment where he led them to victory. Washington was weary of retaliation so he had his group erected a makeshift fort called the â€Å"Fort of Necessity†, to which he later fled from due to the impending French retaliation. The end of the war was signified by the Proclamation of 1763, which the Colonists ignored because it limited where Colonists could settle. This is one of the ways in which the Colonies and Great Britain’s relationship begins to deteriorate. During this time period England was involved in wars all over the globe, and because of it had racked up a large debt funding the various wars. They needed money to cover their expenses, so the King started to evaluate the Colonies and recognized that he needed to implement new laws in order to control the trade, and create new revenue. Some of the various ways Parliament and the King of England implemented trade restrictions, and imposed taxation were through the Navigation Acts, Sugar Act, Stamp Act, and Townshend Duties. Each one of these in various ways angered the Colonies because they never had a chance to vote on any of them, due to the fact that they were not represented in England. Under your rights as a citizen of Great Britain you were supposed to be represented, but Parliament and the King did not care that they were implementing laws that would go against the royal charters and the basic rights of their citizens in the Colonies. Another way Great Britain undermined its relationship with the Colonies was through the implementation of the Coercive Acts, otherwise known as the Intolerable Acts. All of the Acts mentioned above worked to create a lot of tension and strife between the Colonies and Great Britain. To further aid in the problem the people in the Colonies are now fourth or fifth generations, and have never been directly under the King’s rule or they have never visited England. So the Colonists start to get angry at this ruler whom they do not know, and start to get frustrated with Great Britain’s interference in their lives. From this uprising the Colonies start to get organized and form various different Militias. The most famous group that impacted the direction of the American Revolution was The Sons of Liberty. The Sons of Liberty helped to get the Colonists organized. They staged several events that demonstrated the Colonist anger and frustration toward Great Britain and the laws that Great Britain imposed on the Colonies. The Sons of Liberty were not a passive easy going group their demonstrations were very extreme, but they were effective in the repealing the Stamp Act and organizing the Colonists against the tyranny of British rule. One such way the Sons of Liberty incited the masses to unite was when one of their founding members, Samuel Adams coined the term the Boston Massacre after the fight in Boston broke out between eight British army officials and the town’s people. The Colonists are beginning to become more unified. The Colonist formed the First Continental Congress in response to the Coercive Acts. Where they implemented a total boycott of all British goods, declaration of rights to Parliament, and gave Great Britain a time limit of six months to respond. During the waiting time the Continental Congress advised its delegates to go home and start drilling their men to get them ready if they were needed. The Sons of Liberty were also instrumental in the Boston Tea Party, which was in response to Tea Acts. All of this helped to fan the roaring fire of the spirit of the American Revolution. Finally the last incident that really showed the British how organized and how serious the Colonies were was when Thomas Gage landed in Boston harbor with 400 British soldiers. He was going to lead his troops to Concord to capture Samuel Adams or John Hancock, and locate a supply house to take away the Colonists weapons. They made it to Lexington were the British encountered a group of armed Colonists. Gage commanded that they lay down their weapons, but someone, we don’t who, fired their gun. That shot is called the Shot that was heard around the world. Gage went on to Concord, but was unable to locate anything except a bucket of bullets and a barrel of flour. On his way back to his ship Minute Men were posted along the trail, and the Minute Men ended up taking out over half of Gage’s men. The Colonists were organized, educated, and willing to die for their rights. The British kept on pushing the envelope to see what the Colonists would take, and eventually they pushed too hard and the Colonists reacted. There are many events leading to the American Revolution, but the one thing that they all have in common is the right to Liberty and Freedom. The Colonies stood up to Great Britain, and they were successful in the American Revolution. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Bruce and William Catton, The Bold and Magnificent Dream, (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Company, Inc, 1978) 72. [ 2 ]. Ibid. , 74. [ 3 ]. Library of Congress, The American Revolution, posted January 2010 http://www. loc. gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/amrev/rebelln/. [ 4 ]. US Department of State Office of the Historian, Milestones in American History posted Feb 2011 http://history. state. gov/milestones/1750-1775/FrenchIndianWar. [ 5 ]. Bruce and William Catton, The Bold and Magnificent Dream, 261. How to cite Events Leading Up to the American Revolution, Papers

Technology in Hospitality Industry

Introduction Initially, hotels used to depend on paperwork and cards at the customer care desk to communicate with their current and potential customers. They relied on those customers who would physically visit their information desk. However, with information technology advancement, those inconveniences are long gone.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Technology in Hospitality Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Use of Information technology has fully transformed hospitality industry where different hospitality industry services can now be offered online. According to Varol and Tarcan (2009), information technology is a strategic tool that can be used in the hotel industry to improve quality of the services offered (p.115). Customers do not need to visit hotels physically as they used to do some years ago to seek more information about services offered. Technology in hospitality industry Billing On e of the areas in hospitality industry that have benefited from advancement in information technology is billing. Traditionally, hotels utilized paper-based bookkeeping. This system was inefficient and time consuming and the owners of the hotels could not easily know the position of the business. Advanced technology brought modern bookkeeping, which has enabled hotel owners to follow the records of the business so easily. Hotel owners are now in a position to know what they need, what the businesses have and the costs of each transaction undertaken in the process of business. Advanced software for accounting, which is made to suite the specific hospitality industry needs have made it easy for hotel owners to manage their businesses effectively. Law, Leung Buhalis (2009) note, information technology will help to reduce operational costs in the hospitality industry (p.599). Through this modern system, products and services that are not performing well in the market are removed and th e quantity of those performing well increased.Advertising Looking for research paper on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Booking Some years in the past, hotel booking and reservations were done over the phone where customers would place their order through the booking office. Information technology advancement has enabled hotel booking to go beyond that level. Nowadays, hotels are working with travel and booking agencies, which offer online booking services. Online travel agencies help hotels to advertise their services to people who need them without wasting money to advertise to the people who are not interested. Information management is enabling hotels to maximize their bookings since online advertisement can reach more potential customers who are far from the physical location of the hotel. This information is also used to show the trend of the business assisting managers to plan when they can undertake s trategic plans such as renovation. Wireless Internet Many hotels nowadays have installed wireless internet servers to help their customers to keep in touch with their families, friends, and even their businesses when spending in the hotel. Some customers would like to continue working while in the hotel or even to keep in touch with the progress of their businesses and information technology advancement has made this possible nowadays. Wireless internet has also made it possible to network all the systems in hotels. Door locks, security cameras, and other security devices are easily monitored thus improving safety in hotels.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Technology in Hospitality Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion Advancement in information technology has transformed hospitality industry in many ways. Services such as booking, billing, and wireless internet have taken hospitality ind ustry into another new level, which has also improved the safety of the hotels making customers more comfortable. Moreover, the future of this industry is promising as hotel owners adopt new advanced techniques to improve their services. References Law, R., Leung, R., Buhalis, D. (2009). Information technology applications in hospitality and tourism: a review of publications from 2005 to 2007. Journal of Travel Tourism Marketing, 26 (6), 599-623. Varol, E.S., Tarcan, E. (2009). An empirical study on the user acceptance of hotel information systems. Tourism journal, 57(2), 115-133. This research paper on Technology in Hospitality Industry was written and submitted by user Dominick Lara to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Seeing MxPx

On November 13th I went to Tramps in New York to see one of my favorite bands, MxPx. MxPx is a Christian pop-punk band. Pop punk basically means happy punk. The band members, are Mike Herrera who plays bass and sings, Tom Wisniewski who plays guitar and Yuri Ruley plays drums. They played about 10 songs, all of which I knew. Some of their songs have to do with society problems through the eyes of a teenager. At the show, the first song they played was one of my favorite's, "Teenage Politics". Some of the lyrics to this song are, "No I'm not mad but I think they forget what it's like and how hard it is to be a teenager. This is a new day and age, we read a different book where Elvis ain't the rage and polyester ain't the look." "...Is it time again to disagree about anything, everything and what's on TV it's a vicious circle, never ending a linear equation worldly extending. No, I'll never be like you; I'll never be like you. Oh no! I'm just like you!" The second song they played was "I'm the Bad Guy". The first couple lines of state, "Legalistic people suck. Legalism makes me sick." Even though they openly bust on legalism, they also know the world has nothing to offer them but hurt and pain, while God is the only answer. Since they are a Christian punk band, of course they have to play religious songs. One really good song that they played there was "False Fiction". This song basically means that the world is going through such turmoil because we don't have Christ in our lives. "They guarantee our freedom but freedom isn't real unless you know Christ you wont know how I feel. Inflections of the way things were supposed to be the mental disorder of our society...maybe this world had stopped thinking maybe all their minds are shrinking you failed system is including chaos, it's chaos, it's your loss." In "Like sand through the hourglass...so are the days of our lives," they say, "My world is breaking down around me. I see my ... Free Essays on Seeing MxPx Free Essays on Seeing MxPx On November 13th I went to Tramps in New York to see one of my favorite bands, MxPx. MxPx is a Christian pop-punk band. Pop punk basically means happy punk. The band members, are Mike Herrera who plays bass and sings, Tom Wisniewski who plays guitar and Yuri Ruley plays drums. They played about 10 songs, all of which I knew. Some of their songs have to do with society problems through the eyes of a teenager. At the show, the first song they played was one of my favorite's, "Teenage Politics". Some of the lyrics to this song are, "No I'm not mad but I think they forget what it's like and how hard it is to be a teenager. This is a new day and age, we read a different book where Elvis ain't the rage and polyester ain't the look." "...Is it time again to disagree about anything, everything and what's on TV it's a vicious circle, never ending a linear equation worldly extending. No, I'll never be like you; I'll never be like you. Oh no! I'm just like you!" The second song they played was "I'm the Bad Guy". The first couple lines of state, "Legalistic people suck. Legalism makes me sick." Even though they openly bust on legalism, they also know the world has nothing to offer them but hurt and pain, while God is the only answer. Since they are a Christian punk band, of course they have to play religious songs. One really good song that they played there was "False Fiction". This song basically means that the world is going through such turmoil because we don't have Christ in our lives. "They guarantee our freedom but freedom isn't real unless you know Christ you wont know how I feel. Inflections of the way things were supposed to be the mental disorder of our society...maybe this world had stopped thinking maybe all their minds are shrinking you failed system is including chaos, it's chaos, it's your loss." In "Like sand through the hourglass...so are the days of our lives," they say, "My world is breaking down around me. I see my ...

The Sino-Indian War of 1962

The Sino-Indian War of 1962 In 1962, the worlds two most populous countries went to war. The Sino-Indian War claimed about 2,000 lives  and played out in the harsh terrain of the Karakoram Mountains, some 4,270 meters (14,000 feet) above sea level. Background to the War The primary cause of the 1962 war between India and China was the disputed border between the two countries, in the high mountains of Aksai Chin. India asserted that the region, which is slightly larger than Portugal, belonged to the Indian-controlled portion of Kashmir. China countered that it was part of Xinjiang.   The roots of the disagreement go back to the mid 19th century  when the British Raj in India and the Qing Chinese agreed to let the traditional border, wherever that might be, stand as the boundary between their realms. As of 1846, only those sections near the Karakoram Pass and Pangong Lake were clearly delineated; the rest of the border was not formally demarcated.   In 1865, the British Survey of India placed the boundary at the Johnson Line, which included about 1/3 of Aksai Chin within Kashmir. Britain did not consult with the Chinese about this demarcation  because Beijing was no longer in control of Xinjiang at the time. However, the Chinese recaptured Xinjiang in 1878. They gradually pressed forward, and set up boundary markers at Karakoram Pass in 1892, marking off Aksai Chin as part of Xinjiang. The British once again proposed a new border in 1899, known as the Macartney-Macdonald Line, which divided the territory along the Karakoram Mountains and gave India a larger piece of the pie. British India would control all of the Indus River watersheds  while China took the Tarim River watershed. When Britain sent the proposal and map to Beijing, the Chinese did not respond. Both sides accepted this line as settled, for the time being. Britain and China both used the different lines interchangeably, and neither country was particularly concerned since the area was mostly uninhabited and served only as a seasonal trading route. China had more pressing concerns with the fall of the Last Emperor and the end of the Qing Dynasty in 1911, which set off the Chinese Civil War. Britain would soon have World War I to contend with, as well. By 1947, when India gained its independence and maps of the subcontinent were redrawn in the Partition, the issue of Aksai Chin remained unresolved. Meanwhile, Chinas civil war would continue for two more years, until Mao Zedong and the Communists prevailed in 1949. The creation of Pakistan in 1947, the Chinese invasion and annexation of Tibet in 1950, and Chinas construction of a road to connect Xinjiang and Tibet through land claimed by India all complicated the issue. Relations reached a nadir in 1959, when Tibets spiritual and political leader, the Dalai Lama, fled into exile in the face of another Chinese invasion. Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru reluctantly granted the Dalai Lama sanctuary in India, angering Mao immensely.   Sino-Indian War From 1959 forward, border skirmishes broke out along the disputed line. In 1961, Nehru instituted the Forward Policy, in which India tried to establish border outposts and patrols north of Chinese positions, in order to cut them off from their supply line. The Chinese responded in kind, each side seeking to flank the other without direct confrontation. The summer and fall of 1962 saw increasing numbers of border incidents in Aksai Chin. One June skirmish killed more than twenty Chinese troops. In July, India authorized its troops to fire not only in self-defense  but to drive the Chinese back. By October, even as Zhou Enlai was personally assuring Nehru in New Delhi that China did not want war, the Peoples Liberation Army of China (PLA) was massing along the border. The first heavy fighting took place on October 10, 1962, in a skirmish that killed 25 Indian troops and 33 Chinese soldiers. On October 20, the PLA launched a two-pronged attack, seeking to drive the Indians out of Aksai Chin. Within two days, China had seized the entire territory. The main force of the Chinese PLA was 10 miles (16 kilometers) south of the line of control by October 24. During a three-week ceasefire, Zhou Enlai ordered the Chinese to hold their position, as he sent a peace proposal to Nehru. The Chinese proposal was that both sides disengage and withdraw twenty kilometers from their current positions. Nehru responded that the Chinese troops needed to withdraw to their original position instead, and he called for a wider buffer zone. On November 14, 1962, the war resumed with an Indian attack against the Chinese position at Walong. After hundreds of more deaths and an American threat to intervene on behalf of the Indians, the two sides declared a formal ceasefire on November 19. The Chinese announced that they would withdraw from their present positions to the north of the illegal McMahon Line. However, the isolated troops in the mountains did not hear about the ceasefire for several days  and engaged in additional firefights. The war lasted just one month  but killed 1,383 Indian troops and 722 Chinese troops. An additional 1,047 Indians and 1,697 Chinese were wounded, and nearly 4,000 Indian soldiers were captured. Many of the casualties were caused by the harsh conditions at 14,000 feet, rather than by enemy fire. Hundreds of the wounded on both sides died of exposure before their comrades could get medical attention for them. In the end, China retained actual control of the Aksai Chin region. Prime Minister Nehru was roundly criticized at home for his pacifism in the face of Chinese aggression, and for the lack of preparation prior to the Chinese attack.

Medical Ethics and Informed Consent Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Medical Ethics and Informed Consent - Assignment Example Researchers argued that the experimentation was to help develop an immunization for hepatitis B. The ethical challenges at hand are that yes, it is evident that research needed to be done on hepatitis at that time. However, children with mental retardation already have problems enough in their lives. This is like saying that their life has no value. In some cases, the parents did not consent. Depending on the level of mental retardation, a child can thrive but to deliberately expose them to hepatitis could greatly diminish their already lowered quality of life and the children have no say in it. They are the ones to go through the pain and struggle but instead were treated as though they were already discarded bodies. For the parents that may have consented to this experiment, they were subjecting their children to something that the effects were unknown. During a type of experiment like this, it is questionable as to what informed consent even is because what are the minimum standar ds for subjecting a person’s life to something that could be fatal for the sake of the medical industry? It could almost be envisioned as child abuse. Neither the researchers nor the publishing journals were responsible in making their decision to infect these children. It could be argued whether or not the publication of these editorials was ethical as well. The information about the research was disclosed that the children were at a particular school and that is an issue of confidentiality. Additionally, it was an experiment conducted on human beings. No one was to know the outcome. To publish the editorials was almost an intent to show that there was controversy in the medical field and to create a media inspired uproar. Abigail Alliance vs. FDA Majority Opinion Abigail was a terminally ill patient with cancer whom had undergone chemotherapy and radiation. She also had possible access to experimental drugs that her oncologist was suggesting. Though she could have possibly had positive effects and saved her life, the drug was only available for clinical trials. By the time that she was allowed to be entered into the clinical trial program, she was too ill to make the trip to see if the drugs would work on her and she died a couple of weeks later. The Abigail Alliance was created to help expand the availability for drugs that are only available for clinical trials to also be available to patients that are terminally ill. These drugs not only could have been helpful for Abigail but for many other patients just like her that were minimally competent and would have had the ability to make the decision for themselves had the FDA not stood in their way of obtaining these drugs. The FDA, though it makes regulations about drugs in the United States, has to conduct research on these pharmaceuticals to test to ensure that they are safe. For someone that is terminally ill, it could be a method of helping to create a better quality of life or even improve their l ongevity. These patients were not given the right to access treatment but the FDA looks at it from the perspective of being a liability if their organization allows just anyone to take these drugs

Applied Strategic Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Applied Strategic Management - Case Study Example However, the nature of their work and the type of organization they work for will determine how these common environmental factors are perceived - whether they are seen as positive or negative, threats or opportunities (Yvonne 15). Strategy is the most exciting part of manager's work in an organization because it gives the chance to put all his new skills to work. Strategic thinking involves a comprehensive analysis of a business in relation to its industry, its competitors, and the business environment in both the short- and the long-term. Ultimately, strategy is a company's plan to achieve its goals. Corporate managements often do not know clearly what they want or how they'll get there. Organizational strategy is about the effective processing, interpretation of, and response to, information both inside and outside the organization. Organizational strategy helps in bringing administrative efficiency and inculcate within element of success through several ways. Managers should keep informed about important factors and developments in both their external and internal environments. They can do this by constantly 'scanning' their environment, which is, by establishing and maintaining a network of contacts, maintaining good communication channels, keeping up-to-date in their field and monitoring important issues and activities. This proposal is going to provide a case strategic company analysis on The Body Shop. The focus of the report is to show strategic analysis of the company and the environment around it that influences the organization. An assessment of the organization's existing strategies and impact of the external environment with recommendations to improve will also be included 2. Introduction of selected organization: The Body Shop The Body Shop is an international public limited company and was founded in United Kingdom in 1976 by Dame Anita Roddick. The Body Shop is part of the L'Oreal family which is their parent company. Today the company has 2100 stores in 54 countries with a range of over 1200 products all animal cruelty free and many with fairly traded natural ingredients (Thebodyshopinternational.com) 3. Marketing Environment The Body Shop works in a clean environment where they have managed to keep their competitive edge. They work is a diverse environment and they also aim to encourage a healthy environment in the world by working against torture of any kind to humans and animals. Marketing activities are influenced by several factors inside and outside the business firm. These factors or forces influencing marketing decision-making are collectively called marketing environment. It comprises all these factors, which have san impact on market and marketing

ICT for Special Educational Needs Support

ICT for Special Educational Needs Support The Potential of ICT Supporting Pupils with Special Educational Needs Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Background Information and Communications Technology (ICT) is the use of computers in education and offers enormous potential to teachers and pupils.  There is a growing number of consistent evidence which shows that ICT can and does improve learning outcomes, particularly in the core subjects of English and Mathematics (Cox et al, 2003).  Providing high quality software is matched to the specific needs of the individual, it can act as an effective and powerful tool in learning. While it cannot replace high quality teaching, it can enhance the learning process. The application of ICT to teaching and learning can provide many benefits such as, facilitating communication, increase access to information, improve motivation, increase problem solving capabilities and enable deeper understanding of complex ideas. ICT can provide pupils with special educational needs improved access to learning and areas of the curriculum which may have been previously inaccessible. According to Westwood (2003), â€Å"The largest single group of students with special needs comprises those with general and specific learning difficulties that are not related to any disability or impairment. Estimates suggest that this may be close to 20 per cent of the school population.  These learning difficulties most frequently manifest themselves as problems in acquiring basic literacy and numeracy skills’ which impact adversely on a child’s ability to learn in most subjects across the curriculum.† (Westwood, 2003, P5) The Audit Commission reports that one in five children in England and Wales has Special Educational Needs (SEN). This includes students with serious physical or learning difficulties but also many students whose reading, writing and numeracy skills develop slowly. Special needs include conditions such as dyslexia, physical disabilities, speech and language disorders, visual impairment, hearing loss, difficulties in communication, and emotional and behavioural difficulties.   In recent years, there has been an increase in evidence that technology can help these children overcome their communication and physical difficulties, so that they can be included in lesson activities and access a wider curriculum, as suggested by the Irish body, the Education of Science Department (ESD) in The Learning-Support Guidelines (2000), â€Å"‘Interactive computer-based systems allow the possibility of individualising the educational process to accommodate the needs, interests and learning styles of individual pupils. Individualised planning is fundamental to the successful use of ICT in supplementary teaching as it is to other forms of Learning Support. The planning process would include identifying a pupil’s individual learning needs and considering how ICT might be used to meet those needs.† (ESD, 2000, P86-87) Every learner has an entitlement to all the elements of cognitive, literacy and cultural learning. This belief is generally shared by all working with learners who experience any kind of difficulty, for whatever reason.  The introduction of the national Curriculum and the Code of Practice on the Identification and Assessment of Special Educational Needs (DfE, 1994), superseded by the new Code of Practice (2002), have given teachers the opportunity to put this clearly into practice because they provide and support a curriculum for all.  It is explicit in the National Curriculum that all learners have a right to a broad, balanced and relevant curriculum, which makes it difficult to exclude any learners from this entitlement.  Stansfield (2001) believes that incorporating ICT support strategies can be advantageous in making this occur. â€Å"For learners with Special Educational Needs (SEN), the use of ICT can convert this entitlement to reality.  The National Curriculum makes clear in each subject document that ICT should be used where appropriate, to support this process.† (Stansfield, 2001, P5) The National Curriculum (1999) identifies with this and makes clear in each subject document that ICT should be used where appropriate, to support this process. Appropriate provision should be made for pupils who need to use: Means of communication other than speech, including computers, technological aids, signing, symbols or lip-reading; Technological aids in practical and written work; Aids or adapted equipment to allow access to practical activities with and beyond school (National Curriculum, 1999) In Wales, the government have recently put forward their vision for education for Wales in the 21st Century, with a far stronger emphasis on including all learners and the use of ICT to support this.  The Learning Country: Vision into Action, (DELLS, 2006) highlights the need for a learner-centred curriculum if standards are to be raised and all learners’ experiences of education improved.  The document makes clear that all learners means just that –  including pupils with learning difficulties, specific disabilities and motivation problems; those who are gifted and talented, from different ethnic/cultural groups and looked after children.   This vision was further realised and put into place through the National Curriculum for Wales 2008, further emphasising the importance of these key issues that are central to my research.  The document Making the Most of Learning (2008a) clarifies this, suggesting that the†¦ â€Å"†¦development and application of thinking, communication and skills across the curriculum for all learners, schools should choose material that will: provide a meaningful, relevant and motivating curriculum meet the specific needs of learners and further their all-round development. So that the revised national curriculum subject orders and frameworks are truly learner-centred,† (DELLS, 2008a, P4) Legislation promotes the notion that students with SEN should have access to ICT.  ICT is incorporated into the National Curriculum and therefore access should be made to a range of devices to promote inclusion.  Access devices, such as switches, keyboard alternatives, key-guards and joy-sticks can help learners with physical difficulties to use a computer, and enable them to access the same curriculum as their peers.   Pupils, who have literacy difficulties or an impaired visual disability, should also have access to enlarged texts or speech devices and equipment in order that it is possible to hear the words and text in the way that children who do not have SEN, can read without encountering any problems.  For some students technology may be the only way to ensure they can make their thoughts and needs known.  For them, access to appropriate ICT-based solutions possibly provides the only chance of participating in society and realising their full potential. Given the vital role that ICT can play in helping children with special needs to communicate and be involved in learning, it is disappointing that there is relatively little research published in academic journals regarding the use of ICT to support inclusive practice.  Many sources of information include reports from charities and policy organisations with expertise in the area of special needs.  Amongst these groups there are a growing number of small-scale case studies being undertaken (BECTA, BDA), showing the difference that ICT can make to individuals both at school and at home. Many of these case studies are powerful evidence of the potential that technology has in making a profound difference for students.  Such studies may also provide teachers with examples of the use of different types of ICT in varying circumstances, some of which may be applicable to their own students.  Hence even though these case studies may be small-scale, they can be of significant value. The promise that technology brings to education has yet to be truly implemented across all schools successfully which is perplexing due to the strong evidence that permeates throughout educational research and government policy, even though minimal.  There are clearly many obstacles or barriers for schools to progress with the successful application of ICT for supporting their learners, whether this is due to financial support, time, misguidance or even technology overload it is unclear.  Therefore I needed to carry out my own research to investigate the potential of ICT supporting pupils with SEN and share my findings with others to support the development of ICT based pedagogy.   1.2 The Research Organisation and Aims This research will set out to investigate the potential of implementing an ICT intervention strategy to support the learning and development of pupils with special educational needs.  This will be carried out by undertaking an extensive literature review of the current research and recommendations within this field.  This will then be reflected upon, in order to acquire a clear understanding of the possibilities, features and problems related to such an intervention approach.  The information gathered through the literature review will be used to inform a Case Study, focusing on how the implementation of various ICT support techniques could provide an individual pupil, with specific learning needs, improved access to the National Curriculum. In consultation with the school’s SEN team, it was decided that Pupil A would benefit from the intervention strategies, a child with mild/moderate learning difficulties who was receiving one-to-one support 15 hours a week with a Teaching Assistant.  However, shortly after initiating participant training, pupil discussion and implementation of the intervention strategies adopted, an unexpected problem occurred with the whole Case Study.  The parent of Pupil A had been offered a new job which meant that the family had to move out of the area and the school – the research site.  Therefore, the discussion process got underway once more, in the search for a pupil who would benefit from such an intervention process, while being supportive to the research study. I finally decided upon inviting Pupil B to take part in my study, due to the similarities in the difficulties experiencing access to the curriculum as with Pupil A.  Pupil B has been diagnosed with Dyslexia and is currently receiving 15 hours of support per week and is located in the same class as pupil A, therefore the class teacher could still participate. Coupled with this similarity of circumstance for selection, was a point made within Pupil B’s Occupational Therapy Assessment Report (Appendix 10), specifying the recommendation for an ICT intervention strategy in order to support the recording of his thinking and learning. â€Å"As a Year 5 pupil it is important for ****** ‘s long-term recording needs to be developed to permit speed and endurance in order for him to devote his attention to content of work i.e. sentence construction, punctuation, etc.  Development of IT skills and a measured approach to written recording is therefore recommended.† (Appendix 11) This proved to be an ideal solution for the research, though more importantly for the pupil’s needs.  The Pupil Profile section within Chapter 4 highlights the main issues regarding Pupil B’s learning difficulties and the nature of support he requires due to his dyslexia.  Keates (2000) explains that one of the main groups of people with Special Educational Needs who could potentially obtain many benefits from ICT is those with dyslexia. â€Å"Dyslexic pupils face some difficulties in the school including problems in the processing of sound and note-taking. ICT gives access to the curriculum of the subject being taught for dyslexic pupils. Dyslexic pupils often respond positively and quickly to using computer systems, fast realising the support, facilitation and access to a learning environment that ICT affords them.† (Keates, 2000, P4) These are the main reasons for the focus on Dyslexia within this research and the selection of a pupil for the Case Study who possesses this condition. Therefore, coupled with the time frame available and considering the nature of the research site, this selection was deemed the most feasible, in respect to gauging any effect on standards and ability levels through the inclusion of ICT intervention strategies.  In order to measure any improvements a series of pre-test and post-tests will be carried out and comparison made.  Through this approach, an analysis of reading, writing and spelling will be undertaken, which are the main concerns highlighted within his Individual Education Plan and SEN statement. When considering all of these issues two questions were generated in my head which became the Key Research Questions, which act as a guide and focus. Key Question 1: Why adopt ICT in Learning Support for pupils with Special Educational Needs? Key Question 2: How can ICT encourage and facilitate teachers and peers engagement in supportive learning, in a more productive way than might otherwise happen?   These questions are considered throughout the whole research and are reflected on when considering recommendations from literature in the field, examined and discussed within the following Chapter 2.  The research methodologies adopted throughout this inquiry are described in detail in Chapter 3.  While Chapter 4 provides a detailed report of the Case Study carried out with specific reference to the overriding research questions. Finally, Chapter 5 contains a presentation and analysis of the findings exposing the successful outcomes and issues arising from the Case Study.  Conclusions are related and compared with that of claims made by literature within the field in order to justify inferences.  The concluding chapter also offers recommendations for further research and intervention processes for implementing ICT strategies for supporting pupils with SEN. The Potential of ICT Supporting Pupils with Special Educational Needs CHAPTER 2: Literary Review Technology and Pedagogy 2.1 Introduction Although the use of ICT in mainstream education has its origins in the 1970s, it has only been in recent years that the government has identified the importance of and paid special attention to the use of Information and Communications Technology (ICT)  in Special Educational Needs (SEN).  Investment in ICT and the development of policy and practice in meeting SEN requirements have created unprecedented opportunity for the inclusion of all pupils in meaningful learning experiences. This recent and welcomed emphasis on inclusion, coupled with the ever-advancing technologies, have stimulated much interest in using various ICT applications for both individualised learning and for integrating pupils with disabilities into a mainstream school environment.  This chapter provides an overview of some of the issues regarding teaching and learning with technology to support SEN, while exploring the polarized opinions that run through research and literature within this field and the possibilities which these two merging areas within education can provide an individual learner. Davitt (2005), suggest that even though for many decades educationalists and ICT specialists have advocated the potential benefits of using ICT to support and extend learning opportunities, both in mainstream and special education, it is only in recent years that research in this field  is beginning to gain substantial momentum.  Underlying this faith in ICT, whether acknowledged or not, are clear assumptions about the way in which children learn and the attributes of ICT.  The learning theories that are core to most ICT learning to date are considered by Jones and Mercer to, â€Å"†¦embody a strongly individualistic conception of learning which has dominated learning theory and educational practice in this field† (Jones and Mercer, 1993, P19) Many writers have extolled the benefits of using ICT in a learning environment with SEN, suggesting that technology can act as a great equaliser in overcoming or compensating for differences among learners. See, for example, the Code of Practice on Special Educational Needs (DfEE, 1998a), the Green Paper on Special Educational Needs (DfEE, 1997) and the SEN action programme (DfEE, 1998b) which recommends that; â€Å"There will be more effective and widespread use of Information and Communications Technology to support the education of children with special educational needs, both in mainstream and special schools† (DfEE, 1998b, P26) This idea has important implications for learners with disabilities and special educational needs because it suggests that technology can help create the conditions for equal opportunity to learn and equal access to the curriculum for all.  The appeal of technology as an equaliser for learners with special educational needs is borne out in the many materials that have been developed to address special educational needs.  In particular is the formerly National Council for Educational Technology (NCET) now British Educational Communications and Technology Agency (BECTA), who provide a range of information to help identify technologies to aid the learning process of pupils with special needs.  BECTA are the body advising the government on the use of technology in education and published a compendium of research findings entitled ‘IT works!’ (See Appendix: 1) The report made as many as 27 assertions with supportive references from research, however, the assertions made here may need to be seen in the context of a government trying to re-affirm and justify a belief in the educational potential of new technologies.  Nevertheless, they can offer a useful starting point for a discussion of the potential of ICT to enhance pupils’ learning. Professional magazines and trade shows also offer a dazzling array of devices and programmes covering all areas of the curriculum and all types of learning difficulties.  For example, the official magazine of the UK’s National Association for Special Educational Needs, ‘Special’, contains an ICT guide as a regular feature.  This feature explores a range of issues from reviews of programmes to the skills that teaching assistants need to support learners.   It covers all types of learning with technology for all kinds of learners.  Many ICT hardware and software developers such as the Semerc group currently provide training for teachers and support workers to develop their professional practice and provision for pupils with SEN requirements who use their product. 2.2 The Information Supermarket Highway The plethora of available information, software titles and hardware strategies covered under the heading ICT and SEN can be daunting.  In the pressurised world of teaching, there is little opportunity to think critically about what is available or how it should be used and would this best match an individual pupil.  In a review of the instructional effectiveness of technology for pupils with SEN, Woodward et al. (2001) examined the research on software curriculum, specifically designed for pupils with such needs.  They identified a number of design variables thought to affect academic outcomes for pupils with SEN, such as the type of feedback, visual quality, practice, strategy instruction, assessment and motivation. Woodward et al. found that there are no simple answers to the question of effectiveness: â€Å"simply because a program or approach has been validated by research does not necessarily mean it will be used as intended in practice† (Woodward, et al, 2001, P21) The rhetoric accompanying new technological devices in education, and particularly special education, seems to have been very influential, confirming new ways of thinking and talking about teaching and learning.  However, there still prevails a lack of clarity, understanding and application of technology being used to its full potential throughout the education system.   The culmination of grandiose and radical suggestions prominent in commercial slogan and catchy advertisements that are attractive to the educational eye, maybe responsible for our previous lack in informed purchasing, the appropriate matching of resources and effective teaching with the aid of technological resources to promote and maximise the learning of all pupils.   Many government papers are littered with the evidence of mismatched spending and resources for learning, that has resulted in missed opportunities, depleted tax payers finances, and a waste of genuinely keen practitioners time and efforts to provide improved services to their learners and an increased possibility of teachers becoming switched off from the possibilities of ICT enhancing teaching and learning.  The Scottish Government’s paper on Education and Disability (2002) provides a perfect example of this detrimental situation within their plan to improve access to education for pupils with disabilities. â€Å"Through the National Grid for Learning, new computers and networks are being installed in schools across Scotland to allow pupils to benefit from the use of ICT in learning. At the moment, various service providers are being contracted to install the network, but some pupils with disabilities are unable to use these computers for a variety of reasons.  Therefore, as part of their accessibility strategies, responsible bodies should make certain that contracts for any future supply of computers or upgrade of existing stock ensure that the computers (and associated furniture) are accessible or can easily be modified to be accessible to pupils with disabilities. (Scottish Executive, 2002, P 17, 47–48, www 12) What is clear from this financial miscalculation and poor organisation is that the LEA services should be providing schools with the appropriate information for purchasing ICT software and hardware.  Schools should make critical assessments on their ICT requirements in terms of what they want it do, who it is for and what are the expected outcomes from the resource.  Merely placing a PC in a classroom is not going to improve the learning experience for pupils.  Many factors have to be taken into consideration in order for the inclusion of technology to be successfully applied to pedagogy. 2.3 The Technological Pedagogical Debate In early 1998, the Department for Education and Employment (DfEE) responded to the claims made for ICT by publishing a set of criteria to form an integral part of Initial Teacher Training (ITT) courses stating that: â€Å"ICT is more than a teaching tool. Its potential for improving the quality and standards of pupils’ education is significant. Equally, its potential is considerable for supporting teachers, both in their everyday classroom role, for example by reducing the time occupied by the administration associated with it, and in their continuing training and development† (DfEE 1998, P17) This pressure on teachers to assimilate ICT in their work can, therefore, to some extent be seen to be predicated by an acceptance of the claims made in support of the educational potential of ICT.  The potential of ICT to liberate users from routine tasks and empower them, for instance, to focus on the creative and cognitive rather than procedural aspects of writing or to make accessible vast amounts of information is to some extent reflected in the National Curriculum Orders for Information Technology, which emphasise the capabilities of communicating and handling information in various forms. â€Å"Schools should provide opportunities, where appropriate, for learners to develop and apply their ICT skills across the curriculum by finding, developing, creating and presenting information and ideas and by using a wide range of equipment and software.† (DELLS, 2008b, P6) There are clearly strong claims to be made for ICT, but to view ICT as the solution to the educational challenges we face purely by virtue of its sheer existence, is misguided.  The success of ICT use depends on our familiarity with good practice firmly rooted in an understanding of how pupils learn and our reflection on optimal environments of ICT use as bases for pedagogic innovation beyond the assimilation of new technologies into prevailing traditions of classroom practice.  In view of the fundamental changes to our concept of knowledge, the learning process, the role of the teacher and human relations more widely brought about by ICT use, we need to go beyond doing the things we have always done, albeit with the help of new technologies. The core aim of the 1998 DfEE ITT for ICT was†¦ â€Å"†¦to equip every qualified teacher with the knowledge, skills and understanding to make sound decisions about when, when not, and how to use ICT effectively in teaching particular subjects†. (DfEE 1998, p. 17) In my view this aim requires a basic familiarity or relationship with learning theories and the findings from educational psychology as otherwise there is a real danger that the implementation of the computer activity may too easily encourage a distancing of teacher involvement; or as Crook (1994) suggests,   â€Å"†¦a dislocation from the normally rich context of class-based activity and discussion†. (Crook , 1994, P18) Whilst acknowledging the fundamental impact on traditional pedagogical modes, it is important to emphasise how the effectiveness of new technologies in the learning process depends on the ‘centrality’ of the role of the teacher in rendering pupils’ experiences with technology coherent, by embedding them in a context of interpersonal support.  The role of the teacher, therefore, remains pivotal, such as in identifying appropriate learning outcomes, choosing appropriate activities and structuring the learning process.   In their analysis of the contribution new technologies can make to teaching and learning, Gregoire et al. (1996) provided the following with respect to student learning: New technologies can stimulate the development of intellectual skills New technologies can contribute to the ways of learning knowledge, skills and attitudes, although this is dependent on previously acquired knowledge and the type of learning activity New technologies spur spontaneous interest more than traditional approaches Students using new technologies concentrate more than students in traditional settings These positive images are, however, balanced by two further observations of genuine significance: The benefit to students of using new technologies is greatly dependent, at least for the moment, on the technological skill of the teacher and the teacher’s attitude to the presence of the technology in teaching. The skill and this attitude in turn are largely dependent on the training staff have received in this area (Gregoire et al., 1996, P18, www10) Despite the over deterministic inference behind some of the statements, Gregoire et al. (1996) are sounding a warning that technology itself is not a panacea, and that without skilled application by the teacher its benefits may soon recede. The crucial element remains the way in which the technology is incorporated into pedagogical patterns and this is in turn dependent upon the impact it has on the personal theories of the teachers deploying the technology in their classrooms.   2.4 Scaffolding Learning Using ICT Collis et al. (1997) argue that the within a technological approach to pedagogy, the scaffolding role of the teacher is crucial, however the potential of ICT is exploited infrequently due to effective implementation of techniques being heavily reliant on the teacher providing the appropriate support for learning.  Regardless of the suggested gains from any type of technological tool, it is when the teacher supports and guides learning that these benefits are maximised (Waller, 1999).   The computer does not enhance the learning experience unless teachers incorporate ICT very carefully into the curriculum.  The role of the teacher is highly significant in the structure and outcomes of ICT based activities.  The teacher guides and directs the pupils learning through structured planning, organising the activity, interventions during the learning process and the ways pupils apply their ICT skills within various contexts. Mercer and Fisher discuss Bruner’s (1997) idea of ‘scaffolding’, where they suggest teachers need to be reflective and mindful of how they structure learning experience that require the use of technology to support pupil learning. â€Å"If we can describe and evaluate the ways that teachers attempt to scaffold childrens learning with computers then we might be able to help teachers understand and perform their role in supporting childrens computer based activities. â€Å" (Mercer and Fisher, 1997, P210) Bruner (1978) suggests that the Scaffolding process involves the adult guiding and supporting pupil learning by building on previous understanding and abilities.  In assisting the development of pupils, educators require a clear view of learning objectives and understand that their role is to support learners enabling them to develop more independently.  The amount and type of support required will vary depending on the pupil and the nature of the task.  Tharp (1993) put forward a range of strategies that can be adopted to support pupil development through an instructional conversation, described as: Modelling Contingency management Instructing Questioning Cognitive structuring Task Structuring Feedback (Tharp, 1993, P272) According to Tharp, the most productive strategy for support is providing feedback, as this enables pupils to assess their efforts to achieve set objectives, which will be taken into consideration during the planning and participant training phase of this research. Mercer (1993) suggests that the quality of understanding, of which learners obtain through the application of ICT in the classroom, will not be controlled the quality of the technological tool applied; more accurately, it is determined by the approaches utilised to interact between the teacher, pupil and the ‘interface’.  Cook and Finlayson (1999) concur with this idea and describe the application of ICT to support learning as a joint activity, â€Å"†¦the way that learners and the learning support mechanisms of teachers, computer program and fellow group members work together so that the highest possible level of performance becomes achievable.† (Cook and Finlayson, 1999, P100)   In support of this view, Labbo (2000) indicates that relying solely on technology to scaffold learning is not necessarily going to help or maximise the potential of the learner.  Applying a model based exclusively on computer aided instruction is far from ‘authentic learning’; despite the fact that certain educationalists and politicians find this model appealing and the way forward. I believe that before decisions are made to move forward within this field there is a great necessity for further research in order to realise that the combination of technology and how it can support the reciprocal roles of the teacher and child is far more significant than the technology itself.  Arguably, it is this strong pupil-teacher relationship that requires attention and what should be central to the teaching and learning process, even when the technological tool is absent from any learning experience. 2.5 The Potential of ICT Supporting SEN ICT been used to support learners with SEN within mainstream schools for some time, under the terms of assistive or enabling technology, adapting to developments in technology and educational policy changes for learners with different needs.  In Blamires (1999) it is put forward that; â€Å"Ena